Tag: free will

A Multidisciplinary Exploration of Conscious Decision-Making, Free Will, and the Interplay of Self and Others

Prepared by: Gerald A. Daquila, PhD. Candidate

ABSTRACT

Living a conscious, examined life involves a deliberate engagement with one’s values, identity, and moral framework to guide decisions, particularly when faced with choices between self-interest and the well-being of others. This dissertation explores how self-understanding, intuition, and the concept of free will shape moral decision-making, emphasizing the role of pre-reflective choices rooted in personal identity.

Drawing from philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and sociology, it investigates how individuals navigate moral forks—moments of ethical decision-making—by relying on an inner voice or intuition that aligns with their self-concept. The study proposes that moral choices are not isolated events but reflections of a consistent, pre-examined moral framework, often shaped by conscious reflection and unconscious processes.

Through a multidisciplinary lens, this work unpacks the interplay between emotion, reason, and intuition, addressing how individuals can cultivate self-awareness to make ethical decisions that balance self and others. The findings suggest that living an examined life involves ongoing self-reflection, intuitive moral guidance, and the intentional alignment of actions with one’s core identity.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
   • The Call to an Examined Life
   • The Moral Fork: Choosing Between Self and Others
   • Purpose and Scope of the Study
2. Literature Review
   • Philosophical Foundations: Socrates to Modern Ethics
   • Psychological Perspectives: Intuition and Moral Judgment
   • Neuroscience of Decision-Making and Free Will
   • Sociological Influences: The Role of Community and Culture
3. Theoretical Framework
   • Defining the Examined Life
   • The Interplay of Free Will, Intuition, and Self-Understanding
   • Prethinking Moral Scenarios: A Proactive Approach
4. Methodology
   • Multidisciplinary Approach
   • Data Synthesis and Analysis
   • Limitations and Ethical Considerations
5. Findings and Discussion
   • The Role of Self-Understanding in Moral Choices
   • Intuition as a Moral Compass
   • Balancing Self-Interest and Altruism
   • The Neuroscience of Free Will and Predetermination
6. Implications and Applications
   • Personal Growth Through Self-Examination
   • Practical Tools for Ethical Decision-Making
   • Societal Impact: Fostering Collective Moral Awareness
7. Conclusion
   • Summary of Key Insights
   • Future Directions for Research
8. Glossary
9. Bibliography

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1. Introduction

The Call to an Examined Life

Socrates famously declared, “An unexamined life is not worth living” (Plato, 399 BCE/1966). This bold statement, made during his trial in ancient Athens, challenges us to reflect deeply on our values, actions, and purpose. To live consciously and examined is to engage with life’s big questions: Who am I? What do I stand for? How do my choices shape the world around me? In today’s fast-paced world, where decisions are often reactive, the examined life invites us to pause, reflect, and align our actions with a deeper sense of self.

At the heart of this exploration lies the moral fork—a moment when we must choose between right and wrong, self and others. These choices are rarely clear-cut. Emotions like fear, desire, or empathy can cloud our judgment, while the philosophical concept of the “veil of forgetting” (a metaphorical amnesia about our moral compass) complicates our ability to act wisely. Yet, the idea of free will suggests we have the power to choose, and by prethinking “what if” scenarios, we can prepare ourselves to act in alignment with our values. This dissertation explores how living an examined life equips us to navigate these forks with clarity, guided by self-understanding and intuition.

The Moral Fork: Choosing Between Self and Others

Moral dilemmas often pit personal gain against the greater good. Should you keep a found wallet or return it? Should you speak up against injustice, even at personal cost? These moments test not just our ethics but our sense of identity. The choices we make reflect who we believe we are—and who we aspire to be. By examining our values beforehand, we create a moral blueprint that guides us when emotions threaten to derail us. This study argues that such prethinking, rooted in self-awareness, transforms moral decisions from reactive impulses to deliberate acts of character.

Purpose and Scope of the Study

This dissertation seeks to unpack the phenomenon of living an examined life through a multidisciplinary lens, drawing from philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and sociology. It explores how self-understanding shapes moral decision-making, how intuition serves as an inner voice, and how free will operates within the constraints of biology and culture. By synthesizing recent research, the study aims to provide a holistic understanding of ethical choices and offer practical insights for individuals seeking to live more consciously.

2. Literature Review

Philosophical Foundations: Socrates to Modern Ethics

The concept of the examined life originates with Socrates, who emphasized self-knowledge as the foundation of virtue (Plato, 399 BCE/1966). For Socrates, understanding oneself was not a passive act but an active, lifelong pursuit of questioning assumptions and aligning actions with truth. Modern philosophers like Kant (1785/1998) extended this idea, arguing that moral decisions should follow universal principles, such as the categorical imperative, which prioritizes duty over personal desire. In contrast, existentialists like Sartre (1943/2005) emphasized free will, suggesting that individuals create meaning through their choices, even in the face of ambiguity.

Recent philosophical work has explored the tension between self-interest and altruism. Relational autonomy, for instance, posits that our decisions are shaped by connections with others, challenging the individualistic notion of free will (Dove et al., 2017). This perspective suggests that moral choices are not made in isolation but within a web of social relationships, aligning with the idea that an examined life considers both self and others.

Psychological Perspectives: Intuition and Moral Judgment

Psychological research highlights the dual processes of moral judgment: intuition and conscious reasoning. Haidt’s (2001) social intuitionist model argues that moral evaluations often stem from automatic, emotional responses, with reasoning serving as post hoc justification. However, Cushman et al. (2006) found that conscious reasoning can shape moral judgments, particularly in complex dilemmas involving harm. Their study tested three principles of harm (intention, action, and consequence), revealing that individuals use both intuition and deliberation to navigate moral forks.

The concept of the “true self” further informs moral decision-making. Heiphetz et al. (2017) found that people perceive their core identity as inherently moral and good, which influences their choices. When faced with a morally wrong option, individuals may experience cognitive dissonance—an inner protest from their intuition—that protects their sense of self. This aligns with the idea that prethinking moral scenarios strengthens our alignment with our values.

Neuroscience of Decision-Making and Free Will

Neuroscience offers insights into the brain’s role in moral choices and free will. Libet’s (1983) pioneering experiments suggested that brain activity precedes conscious awareness of decisions, challenging traditional notions of free will. However, critics like Haggard (2008) argue that these findings reflect preparatory brain activity rather than deterministic action, preserving the possibility of voluntary choice. Recent studies using fMRI show that moral dilemmas activate regions like the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) for emotional processing and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) for deliberation, suggesting a interplay between emotion and reason (Greene, 2015).

Unconscious influences also play a role. Dijksterhuis and Nordgren (2006) proposed Unconscious Thought Theory, which suggests that complex decisions benefit from unconscious processing, allowing the brain to integrate multiple factors. This supports the idea that prethinking moral scenarios can prime intuitive responses, guiding us at the moral fork.

Sociological Influences: The Role of Community and Culture

Sociology emphasizes the role of social norms and culture in shaping moral decisions. Graham et al. (2009) identified moral foundations (e.g., harm/care, fairness, loyalty) that vary across cultures, influencing how individuals prioritize self versus others. For example, collectivist cultures may emphasize group harmony, while individualistic cultures prioritize personal autonomy. Relational autonomy, as discussed by Dove et al. (2017), highlights how social connections shape our choices, suggesting that an examined life involves understanding our place within a larger community.

3. Theoretical Framework

Defining the Examined Life

An examined life is a conscious, reflective process of understanding one’s values, beliefs, and identity. It involves ongoing self-questioning and alignment of actions with a coherent moral framework. As Verhaeghen (2020) notes, mindfulness and wisdom—key components of the examined life—enhance self-awareness and ethical decision-making. This framework posits that living examined requires both left-brain (analytical) and right-brain (intuitive) thinking, balancing reason with emotional insight.

The Interplay of Free Will, Intuition, and Self-Understanding

Free will, though debated in neuroscience, is central to the examined life. While Libet’s (1983) findings suggest neural predetermination, philosophers like Dennett (2003) argue that free will exists within constraints, allowing individuals to shape their choices through reflection. Intuition, as Haidt (2001) suggests, acts as a rapid, emotional response that aligns with our self-concept. Self-understanding integrates these elements, enabling us to prethink moral scenarios and align our choices with our identity.

Prethinking Moral Scenarios: A Proactive Approach

Prethinking involves anticipating moral dilemmas and reflecting on how our values apply. This proactive approach, rooted in self-understanding, creates a mental blueprint that guides decisions at the moral fork. For example, someone who values honesty may prethink scenarios involving deception, reinforcing their commitment to truth. When faced with a real dilemma, their intuition—shaped by this reflection—protests against dishonest choices, aligning actions with their self-concept.

4. Methodology

Multidisciplinary Approach

This study synthesizes literature from philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and sociology to explore the examined life and moral decision-making. Sources include peer-reviewed journals, books, and empirical studies published between 2000 and 2025, with a focus on recent findings. Key databases include PubMed, JSTOR, and Google Scholar.

Data Synthesis and Analysis

The analysis integrates qualitative and quantitative findings, using thematic coding to identify patterns in self-understanding, intuition, and free will. Philosophical texts provide conceptual grounding, psychological studies offer empirical insights, neuroscience data reveal brain mechanisms, and sociological perspectives highlight cultural influences. The synthesis balances analytical rigor with narrative coherence to appeal to a broad audience.

Limitations and Ethical Considerations

Limitations include the complexity of measuring subjective experiences like intuition and self-understanding. Cultural biases in moral foundations may also limit generalizability. Ethical considerations involve respecting diverse perspectives on free will and avoiding deterministic interpretations that undermine personal agency.

Glyph of the Inner Compass

Illuminating the soul’s true north, guiding moral choices through clarity, integrity, and self-understanding

5. Findings and Discussion

The Role of Self-Understanding in Moral Choices

Self-understanding is the cornerstone of the examined life. Heiphetz et al. (2017) found that individuals perceive their “true self” as morally good, which guides ethical decisions. By reflecting on their values, individuals create a consistent moral identity that informs choices at the moral fork. For example, someone who identifies as compassionate may prioritize others’ well-being, even at personal cost, because it aligns with their self-concept.

Intuition as a Moral Compass

Intuition acts as an inner voice, protesting when choices conflict with our values. Cushman et al. (2006) found that moral judgments involve both intuitive and deliberative processes, with intuition often dominating in high-stakes situations. This suggests that prethinking moral scenarios strengthens intuitive responses, enabling rapid, value-aligned decisions. For instance, a prethought commitment to fairness may trigger an intuitive rejection of cheating, even under pressure.

Balancing Self-Interest and Altruism

Moral forks often involve tension between self-interest and altruism. Graham et al. (2009) found that moral foundations like harm/care and fairness guide altruistic choices, while loyalty and authority may prioritize group interests. Relational autonomy (Dove et al., 2017) suggests that balancing self and others requires understanding our interconnectedness, reinforcing the idea that an examined life considers both personal and collective well-being.

The Neuroscience of Free Will and Predetermination

Neuroscience reveals that moral decisions involve complex brain processes. Greene (2015) found that emotional and deliberative brain regions (vmPFC and dlPFC) interact during moral dilemmas, supporting the dual-process model. While Libet’s (1983) experiments suggest neural predetermination, Haggard (2008) argues that conscious reflection can shape outcomes, preserving a form of free will. This suggests that prethinking moral scenarios can influence neural pathways, aligning unconscious processes with conscious values.

6. Implications and Applications

Personal Growth Through Self-Examination

Living an examined life fosters personal growth by encouraging self-awareness and ethical consistency. Verhaeghen (2020) found that mindfulness practices enhance self-understanding, improving decision-making under pressure. Individuals can cultivate this through journaling, meditation, or philosophical inquiry, aligning their actions with their core identity.

Practical Tools for Ethical Decision-Making

Practical tools include prethinking exercises, such as imagining moral dilemmas and reflecting on desired outcomes. For example, visualizing a scenario where you must choose between honesty and personal gain can reinforce your commitment to integrity. Mindfulness training, as suggested by Feruglio et al. (2023), can also enhance intuitive moral guidance.

Societal Impact: Fostering Collective Moral Awareness

On a societal level, promoting the examined life can foster collective ethical awareness. Educational programs that teach self-reflection and moral reasoning can encourage communities to prioritize fairness and care. By understanding our interconnectedness, as Dove et al. (2017) suggest, societies can balance individual autonomy with collective responsibility.

7. Conclusion

Summary of Key Insights

Living a conscious, examined life involves reflecting on one’s values and identity to guide moral choices. Self-understanding shapes a moral blueprint, intuition acts as an inner compass, and free will—though constrained—allows deliberate alignment with our values. By prethinking moral scenarios, individuals can navigate moral forks with clarity, balancing self-interest and altruism. This multidisciplinary exploration reveals that ethical decision-making is a dynamic interplay of reason, emotion, and social context, rooted in a consistent sense of self.

Future Directions for Research

Future research should explore how cultural differences shape self-understanding and moral intuition, using longitudinal studies to track the development of moral identity. Neuroscientific studies could further investigate how prethinking influences brain activity during moral dilemmas. Additionally, practical interventions, such as mindfulness-based training, could be tested for their impact on ethical decision-making.

Crosslinks

• Resonance Metrics as a Spiritual Compass in Times of Uncertainty – Reveals how resonance readings themselves form a subtle architecture, mapping the hidden design beneath confusion.
• Codex of the Living Archive – Shows that human understanding is woven from remembrance — each insight a thread drawn from the Archive.
• Codex of Overflow Magnetism – Demonstrates that sense-making expands most when the heart is overflowing, not when the mind grasps tightly.
• The Earth Story: From Galactic Fall to Planetary Ascension – Places the quest for understanding inside a cosmic frame: humanity’s architecture of meaning is a mirror of the planetary arc.
• From Earth Roles to Soul Roles: A Journey Through the Akashic Fields – Invites the reader to see understanding as part of soul design, not just earthly cognition.

8. Glossary

• Examined Life: A life of conscious self-reflection, questioning one’s values and actions to align with a coherent moral framework.
• Moral Fork: A decision point where one must choose between right and wrong, often involving self-interest versus the well-being of others.
• Intuition: Rapid, automatic cognitive or emotional responses that guide decision-making, often based on prior reflection or experience.
• Free Will: The ability to make choices within biological, social, and cultural constraints, shaped by conscious reflection.
• Relational Autonomy: A model of autonomy that emphasizes decision-making within the context of social relationships and interconnectedness.
• Self-Understanding: Awareness of one’s values, beliefs, and identity, which informs moral and personal decisions.
• Dual-Process Model: A theory suggesting that decision-making involves both intuitive (automatic) and deliberative (conscious) processes.

9. Bibliography

Cushman, F., Young, L., & Hauser, M. (2006). The role of conscious reasoning and intuition in moral judgment: Testing three principles of harm. Psychological Science, 17(12), 1082–1089. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01834.x[](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01834.x)

Dennett, D. C. (2003). Freedom evolves. Viking Press.

Dijksterhuis, A., & Nordgren, L. F. (2006). A theory of unconscious thought. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(2), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00007.x[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022103110002751)

Dove, E. S., Kelly, S. E., Lucivero, F., Machirori, M., Dheensa, S., & Prainsack, B. (2017). Beyond individualism: Is there a place for relational autonomy in clinical practice and research? Clinical Ethics, 12(3), 150–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477750917704156[](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1477750917704156)

Feruglio, S., Matandela, M., Walsh, G. V., & Sen, P. (2023). Transforming managers with mindfulness-based training: A journey towards humanistic management principles. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 20(2), 1–24.

Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022103111000771)

Greene, J. D. (2015). Moral tribes: Emotion, reason, and the gap between us and them. Atlantic Books.

Haggard, P. (2008). Human volition: Towards a neuroscience of will. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(12), 934–946. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2497[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_free_will)

Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814–834. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814[](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/judgment-and-decision-making/article/psychology-of-moral-reasoning/616C63577883AFF76ACF9F1F51FE7336)

Heiphetz, L., Strohminger, N., & Young, L. L. (2017). The role of moral beliefs, memories, and preferences in representations of identity. Cognitive Science, 41(3), 744–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12354[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022096519302887)

Kant, I. (1998). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals (M. Gregor, Trans.). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1785)

Libet, B. (1983). Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential). Brain, 106(3), 623–642. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/106.3.623[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_free_will)

Plato. (1966). Apology (H. Tredennick, Trans.). In The collected dialogues of Plato (E. Hamilton & H. Cairns, Eds.). Princeton University Press. (Original work published 399 BCE)

Sartre, J.-P. (2005). Being and nothingness (H. E. Barnes, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1943)

Verhaeghen, P. (2020). The examined life is wise living: The relationship between mindfulness, wisdom, and the moral foundations. Journal of Adult Development, 27(4), 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-020-09356-6[](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338082718_The_Examined_Life_is_Wise_Living_The_Relationship_Between_Mindfulness_Wisdom_and_the_Moral_Foundations)

Attribution

With fidelity to the Oversoul, may this Codex of the Living Archive serve as bridge, remembrance, and seed for the planetary dawn.

Ⓒ 2025 Gerald Alba Daquila – Flameholder of SHEYALOTH | Keeper of the Living Codices

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