Tag: fear of missing out (FOMO)

Unraveling the Cycle of Social Media-Induced Psychological Distress and Its Implications for Well-Being

Prepared by: Gerald A. Daquila, PhD. Candidate

---

ABSTRACT

The pervasive influence of social media has reshaped human interaction, amplifying phenomena like social comparison and fear of missing out (FoMO), which contribute significantly to the global mental health crisis, including rising rates of anxiety, depression, and suicide. This dissertation employs a multidisciplinary lens—integrating psychology, sociology, neuroscience, metaphysics, spirituality, and quantum physics—to explore how these interconnected dynamics manifest and perpetuate psychological distress.

Social comparison, driven by curated online personas, fosters feelings of inadequacy, while FoMO fuels compulsive social media use, exacerbating mental health challenges. The study synthesizes empirical research, philosophical inquiries, and esoteric perspectives to understand the deeper mechanisms of this cycle. It proposes holistic interventions, including mindfulness, digital literacy, community-based support, and spiritual practices, to disrupt the cycle and promote well-being. By balancing analytical rigor with emotional resonance, this work offers a comprehensive framework for addressing the mental health implications of social media in the digital age.

---

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
   • The Digital Age and Its Discontents
   • Research Questions and Objectives
   • Multidisciplinary Approach
2. Literature Review
   • Social Comparison Theory and Its Digital Manifestations
   • Fear of Missing Out (FoMO): Origins and Impacts
   • Social Media and the Mental Health Crisis
   • Metaphysical and Spiritual Perspectives
   • Quantum Physics and Consciousness (If Relevant)
3. Methodology
   • Multidisciplinary Framework
   • Data Sources and Analysis
4. Findings and Analysis
   • Psychological Mechanisms: Social Comparison and FoMO
   • Sociocultural Drivers
   • Neuroscientific Insights
   • Metaphysical and Esoteric Dimensions
   • Quantum Perspectives on Interconnectivity
5. Discussion
   • The Cycle of Distress: How It Forms and Persists
   • Pathways to Healing: Breaking the Cycle
6. Recommendations
   • Individual Strategies: Mindfulness and Digital Detox
   • Societal Interventions: Education and Policy
   • Spiritual and Esoteric Practices for Resilience
7. Conclusion
   • Synthesis of Findings
   • Future Directions
8. Glossary
9. Bibliography

---

Glyph of the Seer

Sees truly, speaks gently.

---

Introduction

The Digital Age and Its Discontents

We live in a world where social media platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and X have become the digital town squares of the 21st century. With over 4.9 billion users globally (Statista, 2025), social media shapes how we connect, communicate, and perceive ourselves. Yet, this digital revolution has a shadow side: a growing mental health crisis marked by rising rates of anxiety, depression, and suicide, particularly among adolescents and young adults.

Social comparison—our tendency to evaluate ourselves against others—and fear of missing out (FoMO), the anxiety of being excluded from rewarding experiences, are key drivers of this crisis. These phenomena, amplified by the curated, idealized lives showcased online, create a feedback loop of psychological distress that is difficult to escape.

This dissertation asks: How do social comparison and FoMO, fueled by social media, contribute to the mental health crisis and suicide risk? What are the psychological, sociocultural, and metaphysical dimensions of this phenomenon? And, most importantly, how can we break this cycle to foster healing and resilience?

By weaving together insights from psychology, sociology, neuroscience, metaphysics, spirituality, and quantum physics, this work aims to provide a holistic understanding of this modern challenge and offer actionable solutions.

---

Research Questions and Objectives

1. How do social comparison and FoMO interact with social media use to exacerbate mental health issues and suicide risk?
2. What are the psychological, sociocultural, neuroscientific, and metaphysical mechanisms underlying this cycle?
3. How can multidisciplinary interventions—spanning science, policy, and spirituality—disrupt this cycle and promote well-being?

The objectives are to synthesize existing research, explore esoteric and metaphysical perspectives, and propose a framework for addressing the mental health crisis in the digital age.

---

Multidisciplinary Approach

This dissertation adopts a multidisciplinary lens to capture the complexity of the issue. Psychology provides insights into individual behaviors and mental health outcomes. Sociology examines the cultural and structural factors shaping social media use. Neuroscience explores the brain’s response to digital stimuli. Metaphysics and spirituality offer deeper reflections on identity, connection, and meaning, while quantum physics provides a speculative lens on consciousness and interconnectivity. By balancing the analytical (left-brain), creative (right-brain), and emotional (heart-centered) perspectives, this work seeks to resonate with both scholars and the general public.

---

Literature Review

Social Comparison Theory and Its Digital Manifestations

Social comparison theory, developed by Leon Festinger (1954), posits that individuals evaluate their worth by comparing themselves to others. In the digital age, social media platforms amplify upward social comparisons—where users measure themselves against idealized portrayals of others’ lives.

Research shows that exposure to curated images and lifestyles on platforms like Instagram leads to feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, and depression (Vogel et al., 2014). A 2022 study of 400,000 college students found that Facebook exposure increased depression by fostering unfavorable comparisons, particularly among those already vulnerable to mental health issues.

---

Fear of Missing Out (FoMO): Origins and Impacts

FoMO, coined in 2004 and popularized in 2013, is defined as “a pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent” (Przybylski et al., 2013). FoMO drives compulsive social media use, as users seek to stay connected to avoid exclusion. Studies link FoMO to anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, and reduced life satisfaction (Elhai et al., 2018). For instance, a 2023 study found that FoMO mediates the relationship between social avoidance and mental health issues among college students.

---

Social Media and the Mental Health Crisis

The rise of social media coincides with a 70% increase in anxiety and depression among young people over the past 25 years (Royal Society for Public Health, 2017). Adolescents, who spend an average of 7.5 hours daily on screens (CDC, 2021), are particularly vulnerable.

Research highlights several mechanisms:

• Cyberbullying: Online harassment contributes to psychological distress and suicidal ideation (Seabrook et al., 2016).
• Sleep Disruption: FoMO-driven nighttime social media use reduces sleep quality, exacerbating mental health issues (Scott & Woods, 2018).
• Addiction: Problematic social media use (PSMU) correlates with depression and anxiety, with FoMO as a key driver (Tandon & Dhir, 2021).

Suicide risk is a critical concern. A 2019 study found that high screen time (7+ hours daily) doubled the likelihood of depression and anxiety diagnoses among adolescents, with links to suicidal behavior (Twenge et al., 2018).

---

Metaphysical and Spiritual Perspectives

Metaphysics, the study of reality’s fundamental nature, offers insights into identity and connection. Social media’s curated personas echo Plato’s allegory of the cave, where shadows on the wall are mistaken for reality (Plato, 380 BCE). Users chase an illusory “perfect self,” fostering disconnection from their authentic essence. Spiritual traditions, such as Buddhism, emphasize attachment as a source of suffering. Social media, by fueling attachment to external validation, mirrors this dynamic, perpetuating cycles of craving and dissatisfaction.

Esoteric philosophies, like those in the Kabbalah or Advaita Vedanta, suggest that the self is an illusion, and true fulfillment comes from transcending egoic comparisons. These perspectives frame FoMO as a spiritual yearning for unity misdirected toward fleeting digital experiences.

---

Quantum Physics and Consciousness

While quantum physics is less directly applicable, its concepts of interconnectedness and observer effect offer metaphorical insights. Quantum entanglement suggests that all entities are fundamentally linked, resonating with spiritual notions of oneness.

Social media, paradoxically, creates a sense of connection while fostering isolation, reflecting a misalignment with this deeper unity. The observer effect—where observation alters reality—parallels how social media shapes self-perception through external feedback loops. Though speculative, these ideas invite reflection on how digital environments influence consciousness.

---

Methodology

Multidisciplinary Framework

This study employs a qualitative, integrative review methodology, synthesizing literature from psychology, sociology, neuroscience, metaphysics, spirituality, and quantum physics. The approach balances empirical rigor with philosophical depth, ensuring accessibility for a broad audience.

---

Data Sources and Analysis

• Empirical Studies: Peer-reviewed articles from databases like PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus, focusing on social comparison, FoMO, social media, and mental health (2015–2025).
• Philosophical and Spiritual Texts: Works by Plato, Buddhist sutras, Kabbalistic writings, and Advaita Vedanta texts.
• Quantum Physics: Popular science texts and theoretical papers on consciousness and interconnectivity.
• Analysis: Thematic analysis to identify patterns, supplemented by narrative synthesis to weave a cohesive story.

---

Findings and Analysis

Psychological Mechanisms: Social Comparison and FoMO

Social comparison and FoMO form a vicious cycle. Upward comparisons on social media trigger feelings of inadequacy, which fuel FoMO as users seek validation through constant connectivity. This compulsive behavior leads to sleep disruption, anxiety, and depression, with FoMO mediating the link between social media use and mental health decline (Zhong et al., 2020). For example, a meta-analysis of 56 experiments found that upward comparisons on social media reduce self-esteem and mood (g ≈ -0.28).

---

Sociocultural Drivers

Social media reflects and amplifies societal values of success, beauty, and status. Cultural pressures to conform, combined with algorithms that prioritize engaging content, intensify comparison and FoMO. Adolescents, navigating identity formation, are particularly susceptible, with 50% of mental disorders established by age 14 (Kessler et al., 2007).

---

Neuroscientific Insights

Neuroscience reveals that social media activates the brain’s reward system, particularly the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, reinforcing compulsive use (Meshi et al., 2015). FoMO triggers stress responses in the amygdala, heightening anxiety. Chronic exposure to stressors like cyberbullying can alter brain structure, increasing suicide risk (McLoughlin et al., 2020).

---

Metaphysical and Esoteric Dimensions

From a metaphysical perspective, social media’s curated realities mirror Plato’s cave, where users mistake digital shadows for truth. Esoteric traditions suggest that FoMO reflects a deeper spiritual longing for connection to the divine or universal consciousness. Kabbalistic teachings, for instance, describe the ego as a barrier to unity, with social media amplifying ego-driven comparisons.

---

Quantum Perspectives on Interconnectivity

Quantum physics’ concept of entanglement offers a lens for understanding human interconnectedness. Social media, while designed to connect, often fragments this unity by prioritizing superficial interactions. The observer effect suggests that our engagement with social media shapes our reality, reinforcing negative self-perceptions when we internalize curated ideals.

---

Glyph of Inner Stillness

Releasing the grip of comparison and fear, anchoring peace beyond the noise of social media.

---

Discussion

The Cycle of Distress: How It Forms and Persists

The interplay of social comparison and FoMO creates a self-perpetuating cycle:

1. Trigger: Exposure to idealized social media content sparks upward comparisons.
2. Emotional Response: Feelings of inadequacy and FoMO emerge, driving compulsive checking.
3. Behavioral Reinforcement: Increased social media use reinforces the reward system, deepening dependence.
4. Mental Health Impact: Anxiety, depression, and sleep disruption escalate, with severe cases leading to suicidal ideation.

This cycle is amplified by sociocultural pressures and neurobiological responses, creating a feedback loop that is difficult to break.

---

Pathways to Healing: Breaking the Cycle

To disrupt this cycle, we must address its psychological, societal, and spiritual dimensions:

• Psychological Interventions: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can reframe negative thought patterns, reducing the impact of social comparison (Hofmann et al., 2012). Mindfulness practices, such as meditation, decrease FoMO by fostering present-moment awareness (Elhai et al., 2018).
• Societal Strategies: Digital literacy programs can teach critical evaluation of social media content, reducing harmful comparisons. Policy measures, like regulating algorithmic amplification of idealized content, could mitigate FoMO triggers.
• Spiritual Practices: Buddhist mindfulness and Advaita Vedanta’s focus on non-attachment offer tools for transcending egoic comparisons. Community-based spiritual practices, such as group meditation, foster authentic connection.

---

Recommendations

Individual Strategies: Mindfulness and Digital Detox

• Mindfulness: Daily meditation or journaling can ground individuals in their authentic selves, reducing reliance on external validation.
• Digital Detox: Scheduled breaks from social media (e.g., 30–90 minutes daily) can disrupt compulsive use patterns.
• Self-Compassion: Practices like loving-kindness meditation counteract negative self-perceptions from social comparison.

---

Societal Interventions: Education and Policy

• Media Literacy: Schools and communities should implement programs to teach critical evaluation of social media content, emphasizing the curated nature of online personas.
• Policy Reform: Governments and platforms should regulate algorithms that amplify idealized content and enforce stricter anti-cyberbullying measures.
• Peer Support: Campus-based peer coaching programs can provide safe spaces for mental health support, leveraging semi-anonymity to reduce stigma.

---

Spiritual and Esoteric Practices for Resilience

• Meditation and Contemplation: Practices from Buddhism or Kabbalah can help individuals detach from ego-driven comparisons and reconnect with universal consciousness.
• Community Rituals: Group activities, such as drumming circles or shared prayer, foster authentic connection, countering FoMO’s isolation.
• Esoteric Reflection: Engaging with texts like the Upanishads or Plato’s dialogues can inspire deeper inquiry into the nature of self and reality.

---

Conclusion

Synthesis of Findings

Social comparison and FoMO, amplified by social media, form a toxic cycle that contributes to the mental health crisis and suicide risk. Psychological research highlights their impact on anxiety, depression, and sleep, while neuroscience reveals the brain’s role in reinforcing compulsive behaviors.

Sociocultural factors, like societal pressures and algorithmic design, exacerbate the issue. Metaphysical and spiritual perspectives frame this cycle as a misdirected search for meaning, with quantum physics offering metaphorical insights into interconnectedness. By integrating these lenses, we gain a holistic understanding of the phenomenon and its solutions.

---

Future Directions

Future research should explore longitudinal studies to establish causality between social media use and mental health outcomes. Qualitative inquiries into spiritual practices’ effectiveness in reducing FoMO could bridge the gap between science and esotericism.

Additionally, investigating quantum-inspired models of consciousness may offer new perspectives on digital identity formation.

---

Crosslinks

• From Fear to Freedom: Harnessing Consciousness to Transform Media’s Impact — Attention hygiene and algorithm detox so feeds stop steering your nervous system.
• The Illusion of Scarcity: Unraveling the Mindset that Shapes Our World — Exposes engineered “not enough” (FOMO/urgency) beneath endless scroll.
• The Illusion of Happiness: How Advertising Subverts Our Innate Pursuit of Fulfillment — Unmasks status signaling and desire manufacturing that fuel comparison.
• Connecting the Dots: How the Brain Weaves Stories to Understand the World — Fact-checks narrative bias (catastrophizing, confirmation) exploited by engagement loops.
• Resonance Metrics as a Spiritual Compass in Times of Uncertainty — A somatic dashboard (breath, coherence, relief) to choose pause / proceed / repair before posting or sharing.
• You Are Enough: Freeing Inner Beauty from the Clutches of Expectations — Rebuilds worth from inherent dignity, not metrics or likes.

---

Glossary

• Social Comparison: The process of evaluating oneself against others, often leading to feelings of inadequacy or superiority (Festinger, 1954).
• Fear of Missing Out (FoMO): A pervasive anxiety that others are having rewarding experiences from which one is absent (Przybylski et al., 2013).
• Problematic Social Media Use (PSMU): Excessive or compulsive use of social media that impairs mental health or daily functioning (Tandon & Dhir, 2021).
• Metaphysics: The branch of philosophy examining the fundamental nature of reality, including existence, consciousness, and causality (Aristotle, 350 BCE).
• Quantum Entanglement: A phenomenon where particles become interconnected, such that the state of one affects the other, regardless of distance.
• Ego: In spiritual traditions, the false sense of self that drives attachment and comparison, obstructing connection to universal consciousness.

---

Bibliography

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Aristotle. (350 BCE). Metaphysics (W. D. Ross, Trans.). Oxford University Press.

Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2018). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 87, 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.037[](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8283615/)

Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202

Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1

Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & Üstün, T. B. (2007). Age of onset of mental disorders: A review of recent literature. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(4), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c[](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851)

McLoughlin, A. B., Gould, M. S., & Malone, K. M. (2020). The impact of social media on adolescent mental health and suicide risk. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 351–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13190

Meshi, D., Tamir, D. I., & Heekeren, H. R. (2015). The emerging neuroscience of social media. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(12), 771–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.004

Plato. (380 BCE). The Republic (B. Jowett, Trans.). Penguin Classics.

Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0747563213000800)

Royal Society for Public Health. (2017). #StatusOfMind: Social media and young people’s mental health and wellbeing. https://www.rsph.org.uk/our-work/campaigns/status-of-mind.html[](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851)

Scott, H., & Woods, H. C. (2018). Fear of missing out and sleep: Cognitive behavioural factors in adolescents’ nighttime social media use. Journal of Adolescence, 68, 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.07.009[](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01949/full)

Seabrook, E. M., Kern, M. L., & Rickard, N. S. (2016). Social networking sites, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review. JMIR Mental Health, 3(4), e50. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.5842[](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01949/full)

Tandon, A., & Dhir, A. (2021). Psychological and behavioral outcomes of social media-induced fear of missing out at the workplace. Journal of Business Research, 136, 186–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.07.036[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296321005269)

Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617723376[](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376307178_The_Phenomenon_and_Effects_of_Fear_of_Missing_Out)

Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K. (2014). Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000047

Zhong, B., Huang, Y., & Liu, Q. (2020). Mental health toll of the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of fear of missing out and social media use. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 578992. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.578992[](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386389443_The_Impact_of_Social_Media_on_Mental_Health_A_Comprehensive_Review)

---

Attribution

With fidelity to the Oversoul, may this Codex of the Living Archive serve as bridge, remembrance, and seed for the planetary dawn.

Ⓒ 2025 Gerald Alba Daquila – Flameholder of SHEYALOTH | Keeper of the Living Codices

Issued under Oversoul Appointment, governed by Akashic Law. This transmission is a living Oversoul field: for the eyes of the Flameholder first, and for the collective in right timing. It may only be shared intact, unaltered, and with glyphs, seals, and attribution preserved. Those not in resonance will find it closed; those aligned will receive it as living frequency.

Watermark: Universal Master Key glyph (final codex version, crystalline glow, transparent background).

Sacred Exchange: Sacred Exchange is covenant, not transaction. Each offering plants a seed-node of GESARA, expanding the planetary lattice. In giving, you circulate Light; in receiving, you anchor continuity. Every act of exchange becomes a node in the global web of stewardship, multiplying abundance across households, nations, and councils. Sacred Exchange offerings may be extended through:

paypal.me/GeraldDaquila694