A Multidisciplinary Exploration of Causes, Manifestations, and Solutions Through Psychological, Organizational, Metaphysical, and Spiritual Lenses
Prepared by: Gerald A. Daquila, PhD. Candidate
ABSTRACT
Employee disengagement, often termed “employee switch-off,” represents a critical challenge in modern workplaces, with profound implications for organizational productivity, employee well-being, and societal progress. This dissertation explores the multifaceted nature of employee disengagement, defined as a lack of emotional, cognitive, and physical investment in work, manifesting in behaviors such as apathy, reduced productivity, and absenteeism.
Drawing on psychological, organizational, sociological, metaphysical, and spiritual perspectives, it examines the causes—ranging from poor leadership and lack of recognition to existential disconnection—and proposes actionable strategies for leaders and employees to mitigate disengagement and rekindle workplace enthusiasm.
The role of artificial intelligence (AI) as a contributor to uncertainty and disengagement is critically assessed, highlighting both its challenges and opportunities. Through a synthesis of academic literature, empirical studies, and holistic frameworks, this work offers a comprehensive roadmap for fostering meaningful, engaged, and purpose-driven work environments.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Defining Employee Disengagement
- Manifestations of Disengagement in the Workplace
- Causes of Employee Disengagement
- The Role of AI in Workplace Uncertainty
- Mitigation Strategies for Leaders
- Reigniting the Spark: Strategies for Employees
- A Multidisciplinary Lens: Psychological, Organizational, Metaphysical, and Spiritual Perspectives
- Conclusion
- Glossary
- Bibliography

Glyph of Stewardship
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1. Introduction
In today’s fast-paced, technology-driven world, the workplace is a crucible of human potential and organizational success. Yet, a growing number of employees feel disconnected, uninspired, and disengaged—a phenomenon often described as “employee switch-off.” Gallup’s 2023 State of the Global Workplace Report estimates that disengaged employees cost organizations $8.8 trillion annually, roughly 9% of global GDP (Gallup, 2023). Beyond financial losses, disengagement erodes morale, stifles innovation, and dims the human spirit, leaving both employees and organizations searching for solutions.
This dissertation delves into employee disengagement through a multidisciplinary lens, blending empirical research with psychological, organizational, metaphysical, and spiritual insights. It seeks to answer critical questions: What is employee disengagement, and how does it manifest? Why is it happening, and what are its root causes? How does the rise of AI contribute to workplace uncertainty? What can leaders and employees do to mitigate disengagement and reignite passion for work?
By weaving together scholarly rigor and accessible language, this exploration aims to inspire actionable change while honoring the emotional and existential dimensions of work.
2. Defining Employee Disengagement
Employee disengagement refers to a state where workers are emotionally, cognitively, and physically detached from their roles and organizations. William Kahn (1990), a pioneer in engagement research, described disengagement as the “uncoupling of selves from work roles,” where individuals withdraw their personal investment, performing tasks mechanically without enthusiasm or commitment (Kahn, 1990). Disengagement exists on a spectrum, from passive “coasting” (doing the bare minimum) to active disengagement, where employees may undermine organizational goals through negativity or sabotage (Rastogi et al., 2018).
Unlike mere dissatisfaction, disengagement reflects a deeper disconnection from the purpose, meaning, or value of work. It is not simply about disliking a job but about losing the motivation to invest energy in it. This distinction is critical, as satisfaction relates to an employee’s attitude, while engagement pertains to their motivational state (Wollard & Shuck, 2011). Disengagement can be temporary (situational) or chronic, influenced by individual, job-related, and organizational factors.
3. Manifestations of Employee Disengagement
Disengagement manifests in observable behaviors and attitudes that disrupt workplace dynamics. Common signs include:
- Decreased Productivity: Disengaged employees produce lower-quality work, miss deadlines, or take longer to complete tasks (Hay Group, 2019). They may engage in “quiet quitting,” performing only the minimum required (Qualtrics, 2024).
- Increased Absenteeism: Disengaged workers take more sick days—studies suggest over twice as many as engaged colleagues (HRZone, 2019). This reflects a lack of commitment to showing up consistently.
- Negative Attitudes: Employees may express cynicism, complain frequently, or badmouth the organization, spreading negativity that affects team morale (FranklinCovey, 2024).
- Limited Collaboration: Disengaged individuals often withdraw from team activities, avoid volunteering for projects, or display negative body language, such as eye-rolling or avoidance (FranklinCovey, 2024).
- Higher Turnover: Disengagement is a precursor to voluntary attrition, as employees seek roles elsewhere that offer greater meaning or fulfillment (ActivTrak, 2024).
These manifestations create a ripple effect, lowering team performance, customer satisfaction, and organizational reputation. For example, disengaged employees in customer-facing roles may provide subpar service, leading to a 10% drop in customer satisfaction scores (C2Perform, 2024).
4. Causes of Employee Disengagement
Employee disengagement stems from a complex interplay of individual, job-related, and organizational factors. Using the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, which posits that individuals strive to retain resources (e.g., time, energy, support) and disengage when resources are depleted, we can categorize causes into three clusters (Rastogi et al., 2018):
Individual Characteristics
- Burnout and Stress: Chronic overwork or personal stressors can drain emotional and physical resources, leading to disengagement (FranklinCovey, 2024).
- Lack of Purpose: Employees who feel their work lacks meaning or alignment with personal values are more likely to disconnect (Gallup, 2023).
- Poor Work-Life Balance: When work encroaches on personal time, employees may feel resentful, reducing their commitment (Qualtrics, 2024).
Job Attributes
- Monotonous Tasks: Repetitive or unchallenging roles can erode motivation (Worklytics, 2024).
- Lack of Growth Opportunities: Without clear career paths, employees feel stagnant, prompting disengagement (Deskbird, 2023).
- Role Ambiguity: Unclear expectations or responsibilities create confusion and frustration (SHRM, 2024).
Organizational and Workplace Conditions
- Poor Leadership: Ineffective communication, lack of empathy, or micromanagement from managers is a leading cause of disengagement. Research shows that poor manager-employee relationships drive disengagement more than any other factor (CustomInsight, 2024).
- Lack of Recognition: Employees who feel unappreciated for their contributions lose motivation (Nectar, 2025).
- Toxic Work Culture: Environments marked by conflict, lack of inclusivity, or psychological unsafety foster disengagement (Monitask, 2024).
- Inadequate Resources: Insufficient tools, training, or support hinder performance, leading to frustration (Rastogi et al., 2018).
5. The Role of AI in Workplace Uncertainty
The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) introduces both opportunities and challenges to employee engagement. While AI can streamline tasks and enhance productivity, its rapid adoption contributes to uncertainty that fuels disengagement.
AI as a Threat
- Job Insecurity: Fear of automation replacing roles creates anxiety, particularly in repetitive or data-driven jobs. A 2023 study found that 30% of employees worry about AI-driven job displacement, lowering engagement (McKinsey, 2024).
- Skill Obsolescence: Employees may feel their skills are becoming irrelevant, leading to disengagement if training is not provided (SHRM, 2024).
- Dehumanization: Over-reliance on AI tools can reduce human interaction, eroding the sense of connection and purpose (Pincus, 2022).
AI as an Opportunity
- Task Automation: AI can relieve employees of mundane tasks, freeing time for creative and meaningful work (SHRM, 2024).
- Personalized Engagement: AI-driven analytics can identify disengagement early, enabling targeted interventions, such as tailored recognition programs (Monitask, 2024).
- Enhanced Decision-Making: AI tools can provide managers with insights to improve communication and resource allocation, addressing root causes of disengagement (SHRM, 2024).
While AI contributes to uncertainty, its impact depends on how organizations implement it. Transparent communication about AI’s role, coupled with upskilling programs, can mitigate fears and enhance engagement.

Glyph of Workplace Renewal
Reigniting the spark of engagement, transforming disconnection into collective purpose and vitality.
6. Mitigation Strategies for Leaders
Leaders play a pivotal role in combating disengagement by fostering a culture of connection, purpose, and growth. Drawing on research and practical insights, the following strategies are recommended:
- Foster Psychological Safety: Create environments where employees feel safe to express ideas and concerns. William Kahn’s (1990) research emphasizes three pillars of engagement: meaningfulness, safety, and availability (Kahn, 1990). Regular check-ins and open communication channels build trust (Nectar, 2025).
- Recognize and Reward: Implement consistent recognition programs to celebrate contributions. Studies show that 81.9% of employees feel more engaged when recognized (Nectar, 2025).
- Provide Growth Opportunities: Offer clear career paths and training programs. Employees with development opportunities are 57% less likely to leave (C2Perform, 2024).
- Clarify Roles and Expectations: Transparent communication about goals and responsibilities reduces ambiguity and boosts engagement (SHRM, 2024).
- Promote Work-Life Balance: Flexible work arrangements, such as hybrid models, enhance engagement. Research shows employees working 1-3 days from home report 77% engagement compared to 60% for full-time office workers (Qualtrics, 2024).
- Leverage AI Thoughtfully: Use AI to identify disengagement trends and personalize employee experiences while ensuring human oversight to maintain connection (SHRM, 2024).
7. Reigniting the Spark: Strategies for Employees
Employees are not passive recipients of workplace conditions; they can actively reclaim their engagement. The following strategies draw on psychological and spiritual principles to help individuals rediscover their spark:
- Reflect on Purpose: Engage in self-reflection to identify personal values and align them with work tasks. Journaling or meditation can uncover sources of meaning (Pincus, 2022).
- Seek Feedback and Growth: Proactively request feedback from managers and pursue learning opportunities to enhance skills and purpose (Deskbird, 2023).
- Build Connections: Foster relationships with colleagues to create a sense of community. Social bonds enhance engagement and well-being (FranklinCovey, 2024).
- Practice Self-Care: Prioritize physical, mental, and emotional health through exercise, mindfulness, or hobbies to combat burnout (FranklinCovey, 2024).
- Explore Spiritual Practices: Engage in practices like gratitude journaling or mindfulness meditation to reconnect with a sense of purpose and transcendence (Pincus, 2022).
8. A Multidisciplinary Lens: Psychological, Organizational, Metaphysical, and Spiritual Perspectives
Employee disengagement is not merely a workplace issue but a human one, requiring a holistic approach. This section integrates multiple disciplines to deepen our understanding.
Psychological Perspective
From a psychological standpoint, disengagement often stems from unmet needs, as outlined in Maslow’s hierarchy and extended by Pincus (2022), who proposes a four-domain model of motivation: Self (intrapsychic), Material (work and play), Social (interpersonal), and Spiritual (transcendent principles). When needs in these domains—such as autonomy, achievement, or belonging—are unfulfilled, employees disengage. For example, lack of recognition undermines the need for esteem, while poor relationships hinder social needs (Pincus, 2022).
Organizational Perspective
Organizational research highlights the role of leadership and culture. Poor manager-employee relationships are the leading cause of disengagement, with 50% of disengaged employees citing manager issues (CustomInsight, 2024). Toxic cultures, characterized by lack of inclusivity or transparency, exacerbate disconnection (Monitask, 2024). Conversely, organizations that prioritize employee-centric policies, such as flexible work and recognition, see higher engagement (McKinsey, 2024).
Metaphysical Perspective
Metaphysically, disengagement can be viewed as a disconnection from one’s higher purpose or essence. Work, as an extension of human creativity, should align with an individual’s sense of being. When employees feel their work lacks meaning, they experience an existential void, leading to apathy (Pincus, 2022). Philosophical traditions, such as existentialism, suggest that meaning-making is a personal responsibility, requiring employees to find purpose even in mundane tasks.
Spiritual Perspective
Spiritually, work can be a path to transcendence, connecting individuals to something larger than themselves. Pincus (2022) argues that the spiritual domain of motivation involves aligning work with eternal principles, such as service or growth. Practices like mindfulness, gratitude, or service-oriented work can restore engagement by fostering a sense of connection to a higher purpose. For example, employees who view their work as contributing to societal good report higher engagement (Gallup, 2023).
9. Conclusion
Employee disengagement is a multifaceted challenge with profound implications for individuals and organizations. By understanding its manifestations—reduced productivity, absenteeism, and negativity—and its causes, such as poor leadership, lack of recognition, and AI-driven uncertainty, leaders and employees can take meaningful steps to address it.
Leaders must foster psychological safety, recognition, and growth opportunities, while employees can reclaim their spark through reflection, connection, and self-care. A multidisciplinary approach, blending psychological, organizational, metaphysical, and spiritual insights, reveals that engagement is not just about work but about honoring the human spirit.
By creating workplaces that nurture meaning, connection, and purpose, we can transform disengagement into a catalyst for growth and fulfillment.
Crosslinks
- Resonance Metrics as a Spiritual Compass in Times of Uncertainty — A team coherence dashboard (breath, tone, relief) for real-time go / hold / repair decisions.
- Codex of Stewardship: Holding in Trust the Wealth of Worlds — Recasts leadership as custodianship; transparent goals, COI walls, and visible feedback loops.
- Codex of the Braid: Shared Overflow and Mutual Anchoring — Collaboration protocols that prevent siloing and burnout; roles interlock without co-dependence.
- Redefining Work in a Post-Scarcity World: A New Dawn for Human Purpose and Connection — Shifts value from hours and titles to contribution, relationship, and learning.
- Cognitive Dissonance: The Tension That Shapes Our Minds and Societies — Diagnoses “values on the wall vs. behaviors in the hall” and offers a clean update pathway.
10. Glossary
- Employee Disengagement: A state of emotional, cognitive, and physical detachment from work, characterized by apathy, minimal effort, or active disruption.
- Quiet Quitting: Performing only the minimum required tasks without extra effort or enthusiasm.
- Psychological Safety: A workplace environment where employees feel safe to express ideas and concerns without fear of retribution.
- Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory: A framework suggesting that individuals disengage when resources (e.g., time, energy, support) are depleted.
- Burnout: A state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged stress.
- Employee Engagement: The emotional commitment and enthusiasm an employee has toward their work and organization.
11. Bibliography
Gallup. (2023). State of the Global Workplace: 2023 Report. Gallup.
Hay Group. (2019). The impact of employee disengagement. HRZone.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724.
McKinsey & Company. (2024). How to identify employee disengagement. McKinsey.
Monitask. (2024). Employee disengagement. Monitask.
Nectar. (2025). How to motivate disengaged employees: 8 strategies to reenergize your team. NectarHR.
Pincus, J. D. (2022). Employee engagement as human motivation: Implications for theory, methods, and practice. PMC.
Qualtrics. (2024). Disengaged employees: Signs, cost & how to motivate them. Qualtrics.
Rastogi, A., Pati, S. P., Krishnan, T. N., & Krishnan, S. (2018). Causes, contingencies, and consequences of disengagement at work: An integrative literature review. Human Resource Development Review, 17(1), 62-94.
SHRM. (2024). 7 strategies to address employee disengagement. SHRM.
Wollard, K. K., & Shuck, B. (2011). Antecedents to employee engagement: A structured review of the literature. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(4), 429-446.
Worklytics. (2024). What is employee disengagement? Worklytics.
Attribution
With fidelity to the Oversoul, may this Codex of the Living Archive serve as bridge, remembrance, and seed for the planetary dawn.
Ⓒ 2025 Gerald Alba Daquila – Flameholder of SHEYALOTH | Keeper of the Living Codices
Issued under Oversoul Appointment, governed by Akashic Law. This transmission is a living Oversoul field: for the eyes of the Flameholder first, and for the collective in right timing. It may only be shared intact, unaltered, and with glyphs, seals, and attribution preserved. Those not in resonance will find it closed; those aligned will receive it as living frequency.
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