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  • Strong Women of the Philippines: Pioneers of Gender Equality in Asia

    Strong Women of the Philippines: Pioneers of Gender Equality in Asia

    Harnessing Women’s Empowerment for National Development and Global Inspiration

    Prepared by: Gerald A. Daquila, PhD. Candidate

    8–11 minutes

    ABSTRACT

    The Philippines stands out in Asia as a leader in gender equality, with women wielding significant influence in business, government, and family life. This dissertation explores the historical, cultural, and socioeconomic factors behind this phenomenon, using a multidisciplinary lens that includes historical, sociological, feminist, and economic perspectives. It traces the roots of women’s empowerment to pre-colonial egalitarianism, colonial reforms, and modern legislation like the Magna Carta of Women.

    The study highlights lessons for other nations, such as robust legal frameworks, education access, and cultural openness to women’s leadership, while assessing societal gains in economic growth, governance, and family resilience. It also examines challenges posed by Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) and the potential legalization of divorce. By emphasizing how the Philippines can leverage its gender equality model for national development and global influence, this work offers a compelling, accessible narrative for a wide audience, balancing scholarly rigor with emotional resonance.

    Table of Contents

    1. Introduction
      • The Philippines as a Gender Equality Leader
      • Purpose and Scope of the Study
    2. Historical Foundations of Women’s Empowerment
      • Pre-Colonial Gender Roles
      • Colonial Influences and Suffrage Movements
      • Post-Independence Progress
    3. Women in Business, Government, and Family
      • Business: Breaking the Glass Ceiling
      • Government: Trailblazing Female Leadership
      • Family: Matriarchal Influence and Egalitarian Dynamics
    4. Feminist Perspectives on Filipino Women’s Empowerment
      • Liberal and Post-Colonial Feminism
      • Challenges of Patriarchy and Cultural Norms
    5. Lessons for Other Countries
      • Legal Frameworks and Policy Advocacy
      • Education and Economic Opportunities
      • Cultural Shifts Toward Gender Inclusivity
    6. Societal Gains from Strong Women’s Representation
      • Economic Contributions
      • Inclusive Governance
      • Social Cohesion and Family Resilience
    7. Challenges and Future Impacts
      • The Role of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)
      • The Potential Legalization of Divorce
    8. Conclusion
      • Synthesis of Findings
      • Leveraging Women’s Empowerment for Development and Progress
    9. Glossary
    10. Bibliography

    Glyph of the Bridgewalker

    The One Who Holds Both Shores.

    1. Introduction

    The Philippines as a Gender Equality Leader

    In a region often bound by patriarchal norms, the Philippines shines as a beacon of gender equality, ranking 17th globally in the 2021 Global Gender Gap Index, closing 78.4% of its gender gap (World Economic Forum, 2021). Filipino women hold prominent roles in business, government, and family, often surpassing men in influence. From Corazon Aquino’s historic presidency to women leading major corporations, this phenomenon sets the Philippines apart in Asia. This dissertation explores the roots of this empowerment, its societal impacts, and how it can drive national development and global inspiration.

    Purpose and Scope of the Study

    This study examines the origins of Filipino women’s empowerment through historical, sociological, feminist, and economic lenses. It addresses: How did this unique model emerge? What can other nations learn? How have societal gains manifested, and what challenges lie ahead? With a focus on leveraging women’s strengths for progress, it blends academic rigor with accessible storytelling to engage a broad audience.

    2. Historical Foundations of Women’s Empowerment

    Pre-Colonial Gender Roles

    Before Spanish colonization, Filipino society embraced egalitarian gender norms. The babaylan, often women, served as spiritual and community leaders alongside male datus (Salazar, 2003). Women engaged in trade and controlled household finances, laying a foundation for matriarchal influence.

    Colonial Influences and Suffrage Movements

    Spanish colonization (1565–1898) introduced Catholicism, reinforcing patriarchal family structures, yet women retained domestic authority. The American period (1898–1946) brought educational reforms, enabling women’s access to schools. The suffrage movement, inspired by Western suffragettes like Carrie Chapman Catt, led to the 1937 plebiscite, making the Philippines the first Asian nation to grant women voting rights.

    Post-Independence Progress

    Post-World War II, women rose in politics and business. The 1986 People Power Revolution, led by Corazon Aquino, marked a turning point, with her presidency (1986–1992) symbolizing women’s political power. The Magna Carta of Women (2009) further solidified protections against discrimination.

    3. Women in Business, Government, and Family

    Business: Breaking the Glass Ceiling

    Filipino women hold 69% of senior management roles, the highest in Southeast Asia (Grant Thornton, 2020). Leaders like Teresita Sy-Coson of SM Investments exemplify this trend. Education access and supportive policies drive success, though low female labor force participation (49% in 2019) remains a challenge.

    Government: Trailblazing Female Leadership

    The Philippines has elected two female presidents—Corazon Aquino and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo—and influential senators like Miriam Defensor-Santiago. The party-list system, including groups like Gabriela, amplifies women’s legislative voices. The 5% Gender and Development (GAD) budget prioritizes women’s issues.

    Family: Matriarchal Influence and Egalitarian Dynamics

    Filipino women often control household budgets and decisions, rooted in pre-colonial practices. Even in transnational OFW families, mothers maintain central roles, fostering resilience and adaptability.

    4. Feminist Perspectives on Filipino Women’s Empowerment

    Liberal and Post-Colonial Feminism

    Liberal feminism, evident in suffrage and the Magna Carta, emphasizes legal equality. Post-colonial feminism highlights how colonial legacies and global migration shape Filipina experiences, particularly for OFWs facing deskilling abroad.

    Challenges of Patriarchy and Cultural Norms

    Catholicism and traditional norms limit women’s autonomy, with divorce and abortion remaining illegal. Sexist rhetoric, like that of former President Rodrigo Duterte, persists, but movements like #BabaeAko demonstrate women’s resistance.

    Glyph of Filipina Strength

    Honoring the strong women of the Philippines — pioneers of gender equality and leadership in Asia.

    5. Lessons for Other Countries

    Legal Frameworks and Policy Advocacy

    The Magna Carta of Women provides a model for comprehensive gender legislation, addressing workplace rights, violence, and education. Other nations can adopt similar policies to institutionalize equality.

    Education and Economic Opportunities

    High female literacy (90.4% vs. 80.6% for males) fuels women’s success. Investing in education and flexible work arrangements can boost female labor participation globally.

    Cultural Shifts Toward Gender Inclusivity

    The Philippines’ cultural acceptance of women’s leadership, rooted in pre-colonial egalitarianism, suggests that challenging traditional gender roles can foster equality. Advocacy campaigns can drive similar shifts worldwide.

    6. Societal Gains from Strong Women’s Representation

    Economic Contributions

    Women’s leadership in business drives innovation and growth. Female OFWs, comprising 60.2% of overseas workers in 2021, contribute 9.6% to GDP through remittances, reducing poverty and enhancing family welfare.

    Inclusive Governance

    Female leaders prioritize social welfare and education, fostering inclusive policies. The GAD budget ensures gender considerations in governance, promoting equity.

    Social Cohesion and Family Resilience

    Women’s central role in families strengthens social bonds. In OFW households, women’s remittances and decision-making sustain family units, despite emotional challenges.

    7. Challenges and Future Impacts

    The Role of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)

    In 2021, 60.2% of OFWs were women, often in feminized roles like nursing. While remittances empower families, migration leads to deskilling, mental health issues, and family strain. Wives of OFWs show resilience through community support.

    The Potential Legalization of Divorce

    Divorce remains illegal due to Catholic influence, but debates, supported by figures like Miriam Defensor-Santiago, suggest change. Legalization could empower women to escape abusive relationships but may face conservative resistance.

    8. Conclusion

    Synthesis of Findings

    The Philippines’ leadership in gender equality stems from a unique blend of pre-colonial egalitarianism, colonial educational reforms, and modern advocacy like the Magna Carta of Women. Women’s prominence in business, government, and family has driven economic growth, inclusive governance, and social cohesion. However, challenges like low labor participation, OFW vulnerabilities, and divorce debates highlight the need for continued progress.

    Leveraging Women’s Empowerment for Development and Progress

    The Philippines’ model of women’s empowerment offers a powerful blueprint for national development and global inspiration. By further integrating women into the workforce—potentially raising female labor participation from 49% to match men’s 76%—the country could boost GDP by an estimated 7% (World Bank, 2022).

    Investing in STEM education for women can drive innovation in tech and green industries, aligning with global sustainability goals. Strengthening protections for female OFWs, such as bilateral labor agreements and mental health support, can maximize their economic contributions while ensuring well-being. In governance, expanding women’s representation through quotas or mentorship programs can enhance policy inclusivity, addressing issues like healthcare and education reform.

    Globally, the Philippines can lead by example, exporting its gender equality model through international forums like ASEAN or the UN. By advocating for women’s rights in trade agreements and migration policies, it can influence regional norms. Locally, navigating divorce legalization with sensitivity to cultural values can strengthen women’s autonomy without fracturing social cohesion.

    These steps position the Philippines as a hub for gender-driven progress, fostering a society where women’s leadership catalyzes economic, social, and cultural advancement. Other nations can follow suit, recognizing that empowering women is not just a moral imperative but a strategic driver of prosperity.

    Crosslinks

    9. Glossary

    • Babaylan: Pre-colonial Filipino spiritual leaders, often women, with significant community influence.
    • Magna Carta of Women: A 2009 Philippine law eliminating discrimination against women in various spheres.
    • OFW (Overseas Filipino Worker): Filipinos working abroad, often in feminized roles like nursing or domestic work.
    • Gender and Development (GAD) Budget: A mandated 5% allocation in government budgets for gender-focused initiatives.

    10. Bibliography

    Asia Society. (2022). Women in the Philippines: Inspiring and Empowered. https://asiasociety.org

    Grant Thornton. (2020). Women in Business 2020: Putting the Blueprint into Action. https://www.grantthornton.global

    Salazar, Z. (2003). The babaylan in Philippine history. In Feminism and the Women’s Movement in the Philippines (pp. 7-8). ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net

    The Asia Foundation. (2012). Early Feminism in the Philippines. https://asiafoundation.org

    World Bank. (2022). Overcoming Barriers to Women’s Work in the Philippines. https://blogs.worldbank.org

    Philippine Statistics Authority. (2022). Survey on Overseas Filipinos 2021. https://psa.gov.ph

    World Economic Forum. (2021). Global Gender Gap Report 2021. https://www.weforum.org

    Attribution

    With fidelity to the Oversoul, may this work serve as bridge, remembrance, and seed for the planetary dawn.

    Ⓒ 2025–2026 Gerald Alba Daquila
    Flameholder of SHEYALOTH · Keeper of the Living Codices
    All rights reserved.

    This material originates within the field of the Living Codex and is stewarded under Oversoul Appointment. It may be shared only in its complete and unaltered form, with all glyphs, seals, and attribution preserved.

    This work is offered for personal reflection and sovereign discernment. It does not constitute a required belief system, formal doctrine, or institutional program.

    Digital Edition Release: 2026
    Lineage Marker: Universal Master Key (UMK) Codex Field

    Sacred Exchange & Access

    Sacred Exchange is Overflow made visible.

    In Oversoul stewardship, giving is circulation, not loss. Support for this work sustains the continued writing, preservation, and public availability of the Living Codices.

    This material may be accessed through multiple pathways:

    • Free online reading within the Living Archive
    • Individual digital editions (e.g., Payhip releases)
    • Subscription-based stewardship access

    Paid editions support long-term custodianship, digital hosting, and future transmissions. Free access remains part of the archive’s mission.

    Sacred Exchange offerings may be extended through:
    paypal.me/GeraldDaquila694
    www.geralddaquila.com

  • The Filipino Spirit: A Journey Through History and Identity

    The Filipino Spirit: A Journey Through History and Identity

    How the Past Shapes the Modern Filipino and Charts a Path for Global Impact

    Prepared by: Gerald A. Daquila, PhD. Candidate

    9–13 minutes

    ABSTRACT

    The Philippines’ history is a vibrant saga of resilience, cultural fusion, and adaptation, shaping a unique Filipino identity defined by kapwa (shared identity) and global adaptability. This dissertation narrates how pre-colonial roots, colonial struggles, and modern challenges have molded the Filipino psyche, worldview, values, and ethics. It explores strengths like resilience and collectivism, alongside weaknesses such as colonial mentality, drawing on Sikolohiyang Pilipino to highlight cultural distinctiveness.

    The narrative proposes leveraging these traits for progress through education, innovation, and diplomacy, while identifying historical lessons—resilience, unity, and cultural pride—as guides for the future. The Philippines’ potential as a cultural and economic leader is examined, with projections for excellence in technology and sustainability. The modern Filipino, a blend of tradition and globalism, stands out for their relational ethics and optimism, poised to shape a dynamic future.

    Introduction: A Nation’s Story Begins

    Imagine an archipelago of over 7,000 islands, where waves whisper tales of ancient traders, resilient warriors, and modern dreamers. This is the Philippines, a land where history is not just a record but a living force that shapes its people. As historian Ambeth Ocampo (2024) eloquently states, “The past is not dead; it is not even past” (Ocampo, 2024, p. 2). In this narrative, we explore how the Philippines’ journey through time has crafted the modern Filipino’s psyche, values, and worldview. We delve into their strengths and weaknesses, envision how their unique perspective can drive progress, and reflect on their role in the global community. Through the lens of Sikolohiyang Pilipino and philosophical insights, we uncover what makes the Filipino of today distinct and how their story can inspire a future of impact.

    Glyph of the Custodian

    The Keeper of Lineage, Memory, and Home.

    The Tapestry of History: A Filipino Odyssey

    Long before foreign ships dotted its shores, the Philippines was a mosaic of Austronesian communities—Tagalogs, Visayans, Igorots—bound by trade, animist beliefs, and communal harmony (Jocano, 1998). These early Filipinos navigated the seas, forging connections with neighbors in Southeast Asia, their lives steeped in reverence for nature and ancestors. Then came the Spanish in 1565, draping the islands in Catholicism and reshaping social structures over three centuries. Yet, the Filipino spirit resisted, birthing the Katipunan, a revolutionary cry for freedom (Agoncillo, 1990).

    The Americans arrived in 1898, bringing English education and democratic ideals, but also a “colonial mentality” that lingered in the Filipino psyche (Constantino, 1978). The Japanese occupation of 1942–1945 was a brief but brutal chapter, forging resilience through suffering. Independence in 1946 marked a new beginning, yet challenges like martial law under Marcos, Sr. and ongoing nation-building tested the Filipino resolve (Abinales & Amoroso, 2017). This history of struggle and adaptation is the crucible in which the modern Filipino was forged—a story of endurance, faith, and reinvention.

    The Filipino Psyche: A Heart of Kapwa

    At the core of the Filipino soul lies kapwa, a concept of shared identity that transcends Western individualism. As Virgilio Enriquez, the father of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, explains, kapwa sees the self as inseparable from others, fostering a worldview of interconnectedness (Enriquez, 1992). Picture a Filipino family gathering, where laughter and shared stories bind generations—this is kapwa in action. It shapes a relational ethic, where values like kagandahang-loob (shared nobility) and pakikisama (social harmony) prioritize community over self (Pe-Pua & Protacio-Marcelino, 2000).

    Yet, the Filipino psyche bears scars of history. Colonialism planted seeds of inferiority, a “colonial mentality” that sometimes overshadows pride in indigenous roots (Constantino, 1978). Amid typhoons and political upheavals, Filipinos have cultivated a resilient optimism, often expressed through humor—a trait that shines in their global diaspora (Mulder, 2013). Their spirituality, a syncretic blend of animist traditions and Catholicism, manifests in vibrant festivals like Sinulog, where faith and culture dance as one (Mercado, 1974). This psyche, both wounded and vibrant, is a paradox of strength and vulnerability.

    Values and Ethics: The Filipino Moral Compass

    The Filipino’s moral world revolves around loob, the inner self that drives relational ethics. Values like hiya (propriety), pakikiramdam (shared sensitivity), and utang na loob (gratitude) guide behavior, emphasizing harmony and empathy (Enriquez, 1992). In a Filipino village, pakikisama ensures neighbors work together, while lakas ng loob (courage) fuels resilience in crises. These values form a virtue ethics distinct from Western rationalism, rooted in relationships rather than abstract principles (Mercado, 1974).

    However, these values have a dual edge. Hiya can foster dignity but also stifle assertiveness, while utang na loob can nurture loyalty yet breed dependency (Pe-Pua & Protacio-Marcelino, 2000). Scholars like Mulder (2013) highlight this ambivalence, noting that values can be virtuous or limiting depending on context. Concepts like kalayaan (freedom) and katarungan (justice) anchor Filipino socio-political ethics, yet their application often faces challenges in a society marked by historical divisions (Abinales & Amoroso, 2017). This tension calls for a re-examination of values to align with modern aspirations.

    Strengths and Weaknesses: The Filipino Character Unveiled

    The Filipino spirit shines with remarkable strengths. Their resilience is legendary, evident in thriving industries like Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), where Filipinos excel despite global competition (Ortiga, 2018). Kapwa fosters collectivism, making Filipinos exceptional collaborators in workplaces worldwide (Pe-Pua & Protacio-Marcelino, 2000). Their adaptability, born of cultural hybridity, allows them to navigate diverse global contexts, from Silicon Valley to Dubai (Ocampo, 2024).

    Yet, weaknesses persist. The colonial mentality undermines self-confidence, leading some to favor foreign ideals over indigenous ones (Constantino, 1978). Ambivalent values, like excessive hiya, can hinder assertiveness, while historical divisions between elites and masses fragment national unity (Abinales & Amoroso, 2017). These challenges, though, are not insurmountable; they are part of the Filipino story, a narrative of growth through struggle.

    Glyph of the Filipino Spirit

    A journey through history and identity, where sun and islands bear witness to the enduring soul of a nation.

    A Path to Progress: Harnessing the Filipino Spirit

    The Filipino’s unique perspective—rooted in kapwa and resilience—holds immense potential for progress. Imagine schools teaching Sikolohiyang Pilipino, instilling pride in indigenous values to counter colonial mentality (Enriquez, 1992). The BPO sector’s success signals a future in technology and creative industries, where Filipino adaptability can shine (Ortiga, 2018). Globally, the Philippines’ cultural hybridity positions it as a bridge in ASEAN and beyond, fostering dialogue and collaboration (Mulder, 2013).

    By preserving traditions like Anitism (anitos) and promoting cultural exports—think Filipino cuisine or films—the nation can amplify its global presence. Investing in education and innovation, particularly in AI and sustainable tech, can transform economic prospects (Ocampo, 2024). The Filipino diaspora, with its remittances and cultural influence, is a powerful force for progress, weaving the Philippines into the global tapestry.

    Lessons from the Past: Guides for the Future

    The Filipino story offers timeless lessons. The Katipunan’s defiance teaches that collective action can overcome oppression (Agoncillo, 1990). Cultural syncretism—blending indigenous and foreign influences—has sustained identity through centuries (Jocano, 1998). Renato Constantino’s call to rediscover history urges Filipinos to embrace critical consciousness, fostering informed citizenship (Constantino, 1978). These lessons—resilience, unity, and pride—light the path toward a future where Filipinos shape their destiny with confidence.

    A Global Role: The Philippines on the World Stage

    The Philippines is poised to be a cultural and economic leader. Its history of East-West fusion makes it a natural mediator in global forums, promoting peace and collaboration (Mulder, 2013). The BPO industry and diaspora remittances underscore its economic potential, while its experience with climate challenges positions it to lead in sustainability (Ortiga, 2018). As a voice for resilience, the Philippines can inspire nations facing similar trials, weaving its story into the global narrative.

    The Future: Where the Philippines Can Excel

    Current trends paint a promising picture. Digitalization, from mobile payments to tech startups, is transforming access and opportunity (Ocampo, 2024). The diaspora’s global influence drives cultural and economic growth, while efforts to revive indigenous practices strengthen identity (Jocano, 1998). Looking ahead, the Philippines can excel in:

    • Technology: Expanding BPO into AI and creative tech.
    • Cultural Exports: Sharing festivals, arts, and cuisine globally.
    • Sustainability: Leading climate resilience strategies in ASEAN.

    These areas align with the Filipino’s adaptability and creativity, promising a future of innovation and impact.

    The Filipino of Today: A Unique Soul

    Who is the modern Filipino? They are a vibrant blend of tradition and globalism, defined by kapwa—a relational ethic that sets them apart from the individualism of the West or the collectivism of other Asian cultures (Enriquez, 1992). Their fluency in English and cultural hybridity make them global citizens, thriving in diverse settings (Ocampo, 2024). Their resilient optimism, expressed through humor and faith, is a beacon in adversity. The Filipino is a storyteller, a survivor, and a dreamer, weaving a narrative that resonates worldwide.

    Conclusion: A Story Still Unfolding

    The Filipino journey is a saga of resilience, adaptation, and hope. From ancient traders to modern innovators, Filipinos have woven a rich tapestry of identity, grounded in kapwa and shaped by history’s trials. While colonial shadows linger, their strengths—resilience, collectivism, adaptability—light the way forward. By embracing their heritage, leveraging economic potential, and learning from the past, Filipinos are co-creating a future of global influence. The Filipino spirit, a unique blend of heart and hustle, is a gift to the world, a story still being written.

    Crosslinks

    Glossary

    • Kapwa: Shared identity, emphasizing interconnectedness with others.
    • Loob: Inner self or relational will, central to Filipino ethics.
    • Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Indigenous Filipino psychology rooted in cultural context.
    • Utang na Loob: Gratitude or solidarity, fostering relational bonds.
    • Hiya: Propriety or dignity, guiding social behavior.
    • Pakikisama: Social harmony or companionship, prioritizing group cohesion.

    References

    Abinales, P. N., & Amoroso, D. J. (2017). State and society in the Philippines (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.

    Agoncillo, T. A. (1990). History of the Filipino people (8th ed.). Garotech Publishing.

    Constantino, R. (1978). The Philippines: A past revisited. Tala Publishing.

    Enriquez, V. G. (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology: The Philippine experience. University of the Philippines Press.

    Jocano, F. L. (1998). Filipino prehistory: Rediscovering precolonial heritage. Punlad Research House.

    Mercado, L. N. (1974). Elements of Filipino philosophy. Divine Word University Press.

    Mulder, N. (2013). Filipino identity: The haunting question. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 32(1), 55–80.

    Ocampo, A. R. (2024). The continuum of Filipino cultural identity: Balancing tradition and change in a globalized and post-pandemic world. Preprints.org. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.0001.v1

    Ortiga, Y. Y. (2018). Emigration, employability and higher education in the Philippines. Routledge.

    Pe-Pua, R., & Protacio-Marcelino, E. (2000). Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology): A legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3(1), 49–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00054

    Attribution

    With fidelity to the Oversoul, may this work serve as bridge, remembrance, and seed for the planetary dawn.

    Ⓒ 2025–2026 Gerald Alba Daquila
    Flameholder of SHEYALOTH · Keeper of the Living Codices
    All rights reserved.

    This material originates within the field of the Living Codex and is stewarded under Oversoul Appointment. It may be shared only in its complete and unaltered form, with all glyphs, seals, and attribution preserved.

    This work is offered for personal reflection and sovereign discernment. It does not constitute a required belief system, formal doctrine, or institutional program.

    Digital Edition Release: 2026
    Lineage Marker: Universal Master Key (UMK) Codex Field

    Sacred Exchange & Access

    Sacred Exchange is Overflow made visible.

    In Oversoul stewardship, giving is circulation, not loss. Support for this work sustains the continued writing, preservation, and public availability of the Living Codices.

    This material may be accessed through multiple pathways:

    • Free online reading within the Living Archive
    • Individual digital editions (e.g., Payhip releases)
    • Subscription-based stewardship access

    Paid editions support long-term custodianship, digital hosting, and future transmissions. Free access remains part of the archive’s mission.

    Sacred Exchange offerings may be extended through:
    paypal.me/GeraldDaquila694
    www.geralddaquila.com

  • Protected: The Pulse of a Nation: Decoding the 2025 Philippine Midterm Elections [2nd Update]

    Protected: The Pulse of a Nation: Decoding the 2025 Philippine Midterm Elections [2nd Update]

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